Corporate actions are events initiated by a company that affect its securities and shareholders. These actions can have various implications, including changes in ownership, stock value, and shareholder rights. Here are some of the main types of corporate actions:

Dividends
   - Cash Dividends: Payments made to shareholders, typically from profits.
   - Stock Dividends: Additional shares given to shareholders instead of cash.

Stock Splits
   - Forward Split: Increases the number of shares while reducing the share price, keeping the total market value the same.
   - Reverse Split: Decreases the number of shares while increasing the share price, often used to meet listing requirements.

Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A)
   - Merger: Two companies combine to form a new entity.
   - Acquisition: One company purchases another, which may continue to operate independently.

Rights Issues
   - Offering existing shareholders the right to purchase additional shares, usually at a discount, to raise capital.

Buybacks (Share Repurchase)
   - The company repurchases its own shares from the market, reducing the number of outstanding shares and often boosting the stock price.

Spin-offs
   - A company creates a new independent company by distributing shares of the new entity to existing shareholders.

Liquidations
   - The process of closing down a company and distributing its assets to creditors and shareholders.

Stock Exchanges or Delistings
   - Changes in the trading status of a company's shares, which can be voluntary or involuntary.

Debt Issuance
   - Issuing bonds or other debt instruments, affecting the company's capital structure and obligations to creditors.

Share Consolidation
   - Similar to a reverse split, where multiple shares are combined into fewer shares, often to increase the share price.

Implications for Shareholders
Corporate actions can affect shareholders' rights, investment value, and overall portfolio strategy. It’s essential for investors to stay informed about these actions and their potential impacts.